Madison, the Fish and Wildlife Service historian, said the refuges are salvaging something valuable from ecological devastation. It remained controversial among residents until it was closed in 1992. If agency officials believed the sites were unsafe for the public, he said, they would not work there. Please click here to see any active alerts. Next, the injection zone at the bottom 70 feet of the well was closed by plugging with cement. Three shocks in 1965 -- February 16, September 29, and November 20 -- caused intensity VI damage in Commerce City and environs. But CERCLA empowers Colorado to enforce federal standards, the lawsuit claims. (5 of 9), Mayor Pro Tem Ren Bullock, who also sits on the Board of Directors for the Friends of the Front Range Wildlife Refuges, stated "As a decades-long participant in transitioning this site from munitions manufacturing to wildlife sanctuary, I can honestly say the Refuge is an shining example of promises made, promises kept and should serve as the gold standard for how to make former Superfund sites benefit the communities in which they are located." 1999The RMA becomes the first environmental cleanup site in the nation to receive the Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA) highest workplace safety award. [18] While it is difficult to capture the societal cost to clean up the site, the list of actions dealing with groundwater contamination listed by Mears and Heise include: Direct economic totals add up to approximately $111 million and this estimation does not include operation and maintenance costs. [20] In the case of Rocky Mountain Arsenal, total indirect cost was not estimated at all. After a $2.1 billion cleanup, the site was reborn as Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, with 24 square miles (61 square kilometers) of idyllic prairie where visitors can take scenic drives or hikes. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal manufactured chemical weapons including mustard gas, napalm, white phosphorus, lewisite, chlorine gas, and sarin. Official websites use .gov Today, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, once some of the most contaminated land in the country, is a cleaned-up nature center. Many mammals and birds were found dead and may have suffered lower reproduction rates or birth defects.[11]. Rates of birth defects in the communities surrounding the arsenal were also monitored and found to be stable and no different than rates for all of Colorado. Known today as an urban national wildlife refuge, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal traces its beginnings to the Dec. 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, which brought the United States into World War II.. The first of the major chemical demilitarization programs to be undertaken at Rocky Mountain Arsenal was the disposal of the obsolete The defendants must build a system to actively dewater Shells trenches to prevent the mixing of effluent with groundwater, the lawsuit says. (2 of 9), CLEANUP - The remedy selected for the Rocky Mountain Arsenal included the removal of contaminated soil down to 10 over much of the contaminated area, which is contained in two hazardous waste landfills that remain on the site. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Although the U.S. Army and Shell used accepted disposal practices of the time, decades of chemical and agricultural production led to contamination of some of the soil, structures and groundwater. The second largest earthquake in the Denver series occurred on November 26, 1967. A separate study of cancer incidence by the Colorado Department of Health did not find convincing evidence of increased cancer risk in people living in residential areas surrounding the arsenal,[15] although the study was made more difficult by the large demographic changes in the area and was also confounded by smoking and obesity rates. An official website of the United States government, Archives: Project Descriptions / Fact Sheets, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Its location was selected because it is far from the coast and it has sufficient labor force. The shock shuffled furniture around in homes, and left electrical wall outlets hanging by their wires at Irondale. For example, DIMP (diisopropyl methyl phosphonate) was one of the main contaminants in the area. To learn more and view artifacts from each period, visit the Refuge Visitor Center. Statistically significant findings (p<0.01) of this study included demographic differences in the mothers as follows: median age 24, compared to 27 years of age in Colorado as a whole, higher percent of mothers who were white/Hispanic and black, mean education level of 11.8 years compared to 13.1 years in Colorado as a whole, fewer mothers who were married, and fewer prenatal visits on average. Theyre there all the time, Madison said. Early 1980sAll production at the RMA ceases, and the mission shifts to environmental remediation and restoration. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA), a few miles northeast of Denver, was originally constructed and operated by the Chemical Corps of the United States Army. It was estimated by the U.S. A more recent article in 2004 by Pimentel,[19] estimated the cost of removal pesticides from the groundwater and soil at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal by approximately $2 billion. 1973The Vietnam Conflict ends, and demilitarization becomes the primary focus of the RMA. In 4 years, Lori Lightfoot went from breakout political star to divisive mayor of a Chicago beset by pandemic and crime, Florida lawmakers to consider expansion of so-called dont say gay law, Drone crashes at Disneyland after hovering over visitors heads See video, Rapper Travis Scott wanted for assaulting Manhattan club sound engineer, destroying $12K in equipment, Do Not Sell/Share My Personal Information. The program consisted of four tests between September 3 and October 26. 1943RMA employees work around the clock to manufacture mustard gas, Lewisite, chlorine gas and incendiary weapons. In 1984, the Army began a systematic investigation of site contamination in accordance with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), commonly referred to as Superfund. The Army and Shell operated Basin F, a hazardous waste surface impoundment for the storage and treatment of liquid and solid hazardous wastes, but the facility leaked wastes into the environment after waste disposal ended in 1981, the lawsuit says. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal manufactured chemical weapons including mustard gas, napalm, white phosphorus, lewisite, chlorine gas, and sarin. The U.S. Army permanently manages. [citation needed] The perfect trail for those who like to enjoy nature from the comfort of their air-conditioned vehicle with a latte in hand. As portions of the cleanup are completed, this property becomes part of the National Wildlife Refuge system and is transferred to the U.S. Department of Interior. EPA and the State concurred with the approach. Get the latest updates in news, food, music and culture, and receive special offers direct to your inbox. This led the State of Colorado to take legal action over who has legal authority over RMA remediation efforts, payment of natural resource damages (NRDs), and reimbursement of costs expended for cleanup activities (response costs). 2011In cooperation with federal, state and local regulatory agencies, the U.S. Army permanently maintains 1,000 acres at the site containing the landfills, waste consolidation areas and groundwater treatment facilities. Many of the conversions came after the first and second world wars. The arsenal's animals are intended to refresh bloodlines of the national park's herd, Rocky Mountain Arsenal Refuge Manager David Lucas told CBS4. From 1962 -- 1963, the fluids were pumped from Basin F into the well. Despite yesterday's earthquake that hit the Trinidad region, "Colorado is considered a region of minor earthquake activity," according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The following data were derived from the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Fish and Wildlife Service establishes a field office at the RMA to manage bald eagles and other wildlife. [citation needed]. The military reserved the right to oust these companies and restart chemical weapon production in the event of a national emergency. 1952Shell Chemical Co. purchases Julius Hyman and Company and continues to manufacture agricultural chemicals at the RMA until 1982. Through events, communications, advocacy and fundraising, we support the refuges in. Groundwater treatment will continue until all water leaving the site meets state and federal standards. 1992Congress passes the 1992 Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge Act, which designates the site as a future national wildlife refuge. All surface work related to the environmental cleanup ended in 2010, one year ahead of schedule and within budget. 24,590 were here. 1950North Korea invades South Korea, and the U.S. Army reactivates the RMA to produce chemical weapons and incendiary munitions for the Korean War and Vietnam Conflict. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. After the war, it became a bustling center of industrial. Depleted uranium, a byproduct of nuclear fuel production, is used for armor-piercing shells. Two early morning shocks occurred November 14. To read the report, click here. Photo source:CBS Denver Finally, the Act provides for the transfer of some Arsenal land for road expansion around the perimeter of the Arsenal and 915 acres (3.70km2) to be sold for development and annexation by Commerce City. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal was created out of farmland on the eastern edge of metro Denver during World War II to arm the U.S. Army. The waste from the pre-treatment plant was generally a solution containing 13,000 parts per million sodium chloride (salt), with a pH ranging from 3.5 to 11.5. Only one, on July 15, caused minor damage at Commerce City. In 1996, after a lengthy process in which site investigations were conducted and completed, an approach to remedy the chemical contamination at the Arsenal was set forth by the US Army. 1989The U.S. Army, EPA and Shell sign the Federal Facilities Agreement, which provides a framework for decision-making and for completing 14 Interim Response Actions (IRAs) while final cleanup plans are developed. The Army discontinued use of the well in Feb. 1966 because of the possibility that the fluid injection was triggering earthquakes in the area. RMA contained a deep injection well that was constructed in 1961. In addition to the containment structures, the agreed-upon remedy directs that the entire area is subject to restrictions on land use in perpetuity, including residential development, agricultural use, any potable use of the groundwater, and any consumption of fish or game from the Arsenal. The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge Act was passed in October 1992 and signed by President George H. W. Bush. The building was known as the Environmental Analytical Laboratory, and was used to analyze soil, water, and air samples collected during the environmental clean-up of RMA. The Surveillance for Birth Defects utilized passive observational data from an existing birth defects registry March 1989 March 2009. This new publication offers highlights from the past year, along with news about upcoming projects scheduled for 2022. For testing purposes, the well was injected with approximately 568,000 US gallons (2150 m) of city water prior to injecting any waste. Treatment plants remove contaminants from groundwater to keep them out of domestic wells. An astonishing array of animals and habitats flourished onsix obsolete weapons complexes mostly for nuclear or chemical arms because the sites banned the public and other intrusions for decades. Known today as an urban national wildlife refuge, the Rocky Mountain Arsenal is one of the most studied environmental cleanup sites in the country. (4 of 9), CREATION OF WILDLIFE REFUGE In the 1980s a roost of bald eagles, which were then on the Endangered Species List, was discovered. A $7 billion cleanup concentrated on 2 square miles (5 square kilometers) where workers assembled plutonium triggers for nuclear warheads, and that area is fenced and closed to the public. A small herd of wild bison was introduced to the refuge in March 2007 as part of the USFWS Bison Project. Its not because the Department of Defense has some ecological ethic, said Havlick, author of a book about conversions, Bombs Away: Militarization, Conservation, and Ecological Restoration.. Shell Oil Co. leased the property and manufactured agricultural pesticides in the South Plants complex from 1952 through 1982. Fish and Wildlife Service enter into a unique public-private teaming arrangement called the Remediation Venture Office (RVO) to facilitate the safe, timely and cost-effective cleanup and transition of the site. In 1985 the Army permanently sealed the disposal well in stages. Some waste disposal pits presented short-term hazards sufficient to preclude their excavation. Waste that was left in place is now interred beneath largeengineered covers that prevent intrusion by humans or animals,and also preventfurther contamination of groundwater. Since there is no further use for the building, the Army will remove it as part of a larger effort to reduce the Armys footprint at RMA. U.S. SITE HISTORY - Rocky Mountain Arsenal was listed on the NPL in 1987. Fish and Wildlife Service that at least 20,000 ducks died in a 10-year span during the 1970s. In September of that year, the Army began removing fluid from the Arsenal well at a very slow rate, in hope that earthquake activity would lessen. Extremely loud, explosivelike earth noises were heard. An official website of the United States government, Rocky Mountain Arsenal has recently published its annual community report. The site was operated by the United States Army throughout the later 20th century and was controversial among local residents until its closure in 1992. (8 of 9), "The Refuge and adjacent property represent a public-private partnership done right," said Mayor Sean Ford. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The land is sold to Commerce City for commercial and retail development. American bison are reintroduced to the site that same year as part of a nationwide conservation effort. As cleanup actions were successfully completed, the U.S. Army transferred land to the U.S. At that time, liquid waste disposal methods were employed in an attempt to prevent the chemical contamination from spreading further including lining one of the basins with asphalt, and injection of the waste chemicals into a deep well, but these techniques were ultimately unsuccessful. selected for the Rocky Mountain Arsenal includes the removal of contaminated soil down to 10 over much of the contaminated area, and that contaminated overburden is contained in two hazardous waste landfills that remain on the site. Further, there have been damages to the rural areas due to contamination resulting in livestock losses, and crop losses. On May 21, 2011, the official visitor center for the refuge was opened with an exhibit about the site's history, ranging from the homesteading era to its current status. Many residents reported it was the strongest earthquake they had ever experienced. The On-Post Record of Decision was signed in June 1996 and describes the cleanup plan for soils, groundwater and structures within the approximately 27-square-mile on-post Operable Unit. This legacy, they say, requires restrictions on where visitors can go and obligates the government to monitor the sites for perhaps centuries. There is no appropriate standard by the EPA, but the state of Colorado has a standard treatment protocol for this chemical. For testing purposes, the well was injected with approximately 568,000 gallons of city water prior to injecting any waste. Many projects have attempted to clean contaminated groundwater at the Arsenal. 2003The EPA removes 917 acres of RMA land from the National Priorities List. Additionally, some of this land was used for a prisoner of war camp (for Germancombatants) and later transferred to the city of Denver as Stapleton Airport expanded. The location was ideal, not only because of the proximity to the airport, but because of the geographic features of the site, it was less likely to be attacked. The U.S. Army constructed the Arsenal in 1942 to develop chemical weapons as a deterrent against the Axis Powers. The Colorado Sun is a journalist-owned, award-winning news outlet based in Denver that strives to cover all of Colorado so that our state our community can better understand itself. More than 600 chemicals have been used or manufactured at the arsenal, including: Diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), a chemical unique to the Army's manufacture of nerve gas. These potential confounders are not clearly addressed in this report and may complicate the analysis as well as raise concern for disparities in exposure risk that is dependent upon demographic factors. This was further exacerbated when the U.S. Army discovered an endangered species, the bald eagle. 2004After the EPA certifies that cleanup actions are complete, the U.S. Department of Defense transfers 5,000 acres of RMA land to the U.S. Department of the Interior to officially establish the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge. A volume of approximately 52,500 acre-feet (65 million cubic metres) of the alluvial aquifer is not usable for human consumption. 1947The U.S. Army places the RMA on standby status and leases some facilities to private industry. 6:54AM. Three criteria were es In September 2010, the cleanup was considered complete, and the remaining portions of land were transferred to the U.S. This new publication offers highlights from the past year, along with news about upcoming projects scheduled for 2022. [11], The NRDA found several injuries to wildlife. Researchers have not examined the health risks to wildlife at the cleaned-up refuges as extensively as the potential danger to humans, but few problems have been reported. One monitoring project has demonstrated incremental improvements over time, and specifically measured 640 parts per billion (ppb) in 1987 and 55 ppb in 1989, while a different off-post monitoring well measured 138 ppb in 1985, 105 ppb in 1987, 14 ppb in 1988, and 6.7 ppb in 1989. The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment found no increased risk of birth defects in infants. They awakened many residents, but were not widely felt. Located just north of Denver, in Commerce City and close to the Stapleton Airport, the U.S. Army purchased 20,000 acres (81km2). Its radiation isnt strong enough to be dangerous outside the body, but its dust is a serious health risk if inhaled or swallowed, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says. Rocky Mountain Arsenal on FishExplorer has 222 historic conditions reports, 90 historic water temperature updates, 120 historic status updates, 138 historic water level updates, available to subscribers. The deep injection well was closed in 1985 and Basin F was closed in 1988 [10] local news and culture, Patricia Calhoun Most badgers at Rocky Mountain Arsenal appear to be unaffected by dieldrin, one of the main chemical contaminants remaining in the soil at the military base. The site was placed in 1987 on the EPAs National Priorities List, which is also known as the Superfund list. The U.S. Army selected 17,000 acres of farm land just 10 miles northeast of Denver in Commerce City, Colorado, as the site of the new Arsenal. At the borders of the RMA and at some places in the sites interior, contaminated groundwater is pumped from the below the surface and cleaned before reinjection. Restrictions on well water use, residential development, consumption of fish and game from the arsenal, and agricultural use of the arsenal will exist in perpetuity until further scientific research is completed at the site. During November 1967, the Denver region was shaken by five moderate earthquakes. The 17,000-acre site is 10 miles northeast of Denver. The magnitude 5.2 event caused widespread minor damage in the suburban areas of northeast Denver. Today, the Refuge encompasses more than 15,000 acres of restored shortgrass prairie and provides habitat to more 300 species of wildlife, including American bison, bald eagles, mule and white-tailed deer, burrowing owls and black-footed ferrets. The cleanup of the refuge's 15,000 acres was completed in 2010. When the cleanup was completed, it was clear that no Arsenal chemicals had been released into the air that exceeded the health-protective levels established for the site since the environmental cleanup began in October 1997. North of the former Stapleton Airport and west of Denver International Airport, Adams County. It cited seven violations. The injected fluids had very little potential for reaching the surface or usable groundwater supply since the injection point had 11,900 feet (3630 m) of rock above it and was sealed at the opening. Since then, the US Army started to operate the site. The purpose of this Natural Resource Damage Assessment Plan is to document the State Trustees' basis for conducting the damage assessment that provided the basis of the lawsuit and to set forth the proposed approaches for quantifying harm to natural resources and calculating the damages associated with those injuries. The Energy Department told the state it has no current plans to change the classification. The new venue hosts the Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer. Additionally, ordnance (including incendiary munitions) was manufactured and tested, and asbestos and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used at RMA. Soldiers test-fired millions of artillery rounds at the proving ground, some made of depleted uranium. Boulder sustained minor damage to walls and acoustical tile ceilings on April 27, 1967, as result of a magnitude 4.4 earthquake. Residents were generally shaken, but no damage was sustained. More by The Associated Press, Got a story tip? Otherkey partners include Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment, the local health department andlocal government officials, the Army,U.S. The refuge is currently open from sunrise to sunset. Since 1985, the mission at RMA has been the remediation of the site. The Off-Post Record of Decision was finalized in December 1995 and its requirements consist of actions for off-site groundwater and soil. Fish and Wildlife's Rocky Mountain Arsenal website. Reunion is located on the north border of RMA. There are many studies that try to estimate the total costs due to contamination of pesticides in U.S. as well as in other countries; however, indirect costs are difficult to estimate, but likely several times than total direct environmental and social costs. To read the report, click, Archives: Project Descriptions / Fact Sheets, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Longstanding agricultural and health concerns related to the Rocky Mountain Arsenal have resulted in a complex history of political and legal battles. 1966Following reports of localized earthquake tremors, the U.S. Army concludes the deep well injection program. All waste that was left in place is now interred beneath large-area engineered covers that prevent any intrusion into the waste that remains below. Both the landfills and the covers are built to prevent intrusion by humans or animals, and also to prevent further contamination to the groundwater. The U.S. Army will permanently retain and manage about 1,000 acres of Arsenal land that contain the landfills, waste consolidation areas and groundwater treatment facilities to ensure they remain protective of human health and the environment. The Army is still struggling with cleaning up Jefferson Proving Ground in southeastern Indiana, part of which becameBig Oaks National Wildlife Refuge. Rocky Mountain Arsenal continues to leak, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Get to know all 17 Denver mayor candidates , Rocky Mountain Arsenal continues to leak contaminants into groundwater, Colorado health department lawsuit says, Feds sue water company for rupture damaging Rocky Mountain National Park again. 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